New Coating Techniques for Optics in High-Power Laser Systems
Optical Coatings for High-power Lasers
Author: Dr.-Ing. Hansjörg Rohde, Product Manager LASER COMPONENTS Germany
Published: LP.PRO 06/2025
Download PDF (German version only)
With the trend towards higher laser power in material processing, the demands placed on optical components are also increasing. Optical components must have a high reflectivity and laser damage threshold (LIDT) with minimal thermal drift.
Optical coatings play a key role in achieving these results: they have a strong influence on the performance, stability, and efficiency of the entire laser process.
Versatile Optics
for Laser Material Processing
Optics guide the laser beam from the source to the workpiece, for which the following requirements are crucial: maintaining beam quality, minimizing power losses, and safeguarding high thermal stability. Modern manufacturing processes also integrate high-precision diagnostic optics for online process monitoring, which analyze the interactions between the laser beam and the material.
A typical laser processing head (Fig. 1) contains various optics with specific requirements:
- The (aspherical) collimator lens focuses the divergent laser beam and guides it to the processing lens with the least possible loss. It must offer high wavefront quality (≤ λ/10), high transmission, low self-absorption, and thermal stability with minimal focus drift.
- The beam splitter ensures a defined splitting ratio and a high wavefront fidelity, often independent of the polarization. It is used to constantly monitor the laser beam. The coating is adapted to the laser and diagnostic wavelengths.
- Dichroic mirrors separate processing and diagnostic wavelengths spectrally with high transmission for the process wavelength and defined reflection for the diagnostic area.
- The processing lens focuses the laser beam towards the workpiece, with the highest demands being placed on optical precision and thermal stability. Cutting optics are also characterized by particularly low absorption in order to minimize thermal lens effects and focus drift.
- The protective window protects internal optics from contamination. A suitable anti-reflective coating minimizes absorption and prevents thermally induced deformation.
As optical systems with dielectric layers become more and more complex, optical interference coatings (OICs) are becoming increasingly important for these optics. OICs consist of alternating transparent layers with a high and low refractive index and are deposited precisely in the nanometer to micrometer range.
Transmission and reflection can be precisely controlled for specific wavelengths by constructive and destructive interference. The optical properties depend directly on the layer sequence, the material constants, and the precision of the coating thickness.
In high-power laser systems, OICs enable anti-reflective (AR) coatings, highly reflective (HR) mirrors, bandpass filters, and dichroic beam splitters. They ensure low-loss beam guidance, high thermal load capacity, and enable spectrally selective process monitoring (e.g., using optical coherence tomography (OCT)).
Manufacturing Optical Coatings
Comparison of Different Technologies
Even the choice of substrate has a major influence on the subsequent performance of the optics. Materials with low self-absorption minimize thermal lensing effects. LASER COMPONENTS uses three established processes to produce optical interference layers: plasma ion-assisted deposition (PIAD), ion beam sputtering (IBS) and electron beam evaporation (e-beam/PVD).
The choice of method depends on the requirements for absorption, layer density, environmental stability, and the cost effectiveness of the respective application. The list shows the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques.
Comparison of coating technologies
Electron beam physical vapor deposition (e-beam/PVD)
- Principle: Vaporization of the material by an electron beam in a vacuum
- Advantage: Cost efficient, high throughput
- Disadvantage: Higher roughness, lower layer density, limited thermal stability, higher optical losses
- Application: Standard optics, base coatings
Plasma-assisted ion deposition (PIAD)
- Principle: Combination of e-beam evaporation with additional plasma for layer concentration
- Advantage: Ultra-dense, moisture-resistant layers, robust against environmental influences, low drift
- Disadvantage: Surfaces with high roughness and possible defects, higher absorption, medium to high throughput
- Application: Protective windows, AR coatings
Ion beam sputtering (IBS)
- Principle: Material is detached from the medium by ion bombardment and placed on the substrate
- Advantage: Precise layer control, low roughness, very low absorption, highest stability
- Disadvantage: High costs, slow to medium throughput, high layer tension
- Application: Precision filters, diagnostic mirrors, high-performance optics
Process Parameters
for Improving Optical Characteristics
Specifically controlling the process parameters such as gas flow, coating rate, and bias significantly influences the absorption, coating structure, and resilience of the coatings produced.
One specific example of this is the regulation of the oxygen flow during the separation of hafnium-based coatings using PIAD: a reduction in the oxygen content during the coating process leads to significantly lower absorption (Fig. 2). Protective windows coated in this way for high-performance cutting processes or additive manufacturing significantly reduce thermal lens effects during the process.
This result is just a first step towards optimizing the entire coating and underlines the potential of systematic process parameter adjustments.
The optical properties can also be further improved by subsequent processes. Systematic annealing of the coatings significantly increases transmission and the laser damage threshold: an AR coating designed at 2940 nm shows an increase in transmission from 96% to over 99% after several hours (four hours) of annealing at 700°C, which means 3% less loss (Fig. 3).
Customized Layer Design
for Diagnostic Optics
A precise spectral separation of processing and diagnostic wavelengths is essential for modern quality assurance systems in industrial laser material processing. Diagnostic mirrors have two central tasks: They ensure low-loss transmission or reflection of the process wavelength and at the same time enable the selective detection of diagnostic information. Their development requires the highest precision in coating design, as reflection and transmission ranges must be precisely matched to the specific process and diagnostic signals.
Fig. 4a and 4b show an example of a customized layering system. The mirror shown reflects the processing laser at 1 µm with over 99% efficiency, while at the same time transmitting more than 80% of the IR radiation and visible wavelengths for process monitoring. This is ideal for pyrometry, visual camera observation, and OCT systems.
By fine tuning the coating design, transmission and reflection can be optimally adapted to the desired application areas: High reflection minimizes energy losses in the processing beam, while high transmission in the diagnostic area enables precise temperature measurement and visual process control.
Quantum Nanolaminates
Future Trend
The development of optical coatings for high-performance material processing with lasers is a dynamic field. By combining advanced coating technologies, optimized process parameters, and innovative coating designs, optics can be produced that meet the increasing demands of the industry.
Quantum nanolaminates (QNLs), which are currently under development at LASER COMPONENTS, offer a promising approach to further increase performance. QNLs consist of a layer of very thin, highly-refractive and low-refractive alternating materials, with each layer being less than three nanometers thick. Due to this extremely low thickness compared to the wavelength of the light, the entire layer arrangement behaves optically like a single layer.
QNLs allow controlled modulation of optical and mechanical properties. Initial investigations show that both the laser damage threshold and the spectral selectivity can be significantly improved with these systems, which could represent a decisive advance for compact or multifunctional laser optics in particular.
Product Overview
Beyond Borders
Aspherical lenses correct aberrations, which in monochromatic light include image sharpness errors and distortion.
Brewster plates are used to separate s- and p-polarized light.
Cavity end mirrors are used to generate the laser beam in the resonator.
ROUND AND RECTANGULAR CYCLINDER LENSES ARE USED TO CREATE LINES / BEAM EXPANSIONS IN ONE DIRECTION.
DIAGNOSTIC BEAM SPLITTERS FOR PROCESS MONITORING
combine or separate two or more beams with different wavelengths.
The ERIS Phase SLM offers high-performance spatial light modulation, seamless integration and easy calibration across a broad wavelength range.
The GAEA-2 phase modulator models are based on reflective LCOS microdisplays with 4160 x 2462 pixel resolution and 3.74 µm pixel pitch
The degree of reflection slopes from the center of the optic in a Gaussian distribution.
Optimized for high-power lasers with intense pulse energies or high average powers
Dielectric bandpass filters according to customer specifications. The infrared filters are available in the wavelength range from 1.0 µm to 20.0 µm.
Dielectric coatings. Customer-specific solutions are also available for IR long-pass filters.
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