Deformable Mirrors

Deformable mirrors (DMs) are key components in adaptive optics systems, used to correct wavefront distortions in real time. They are essential in applications such as microscopy, astronomy, ophthalmology, and laser beam shaping, where maintaining optimal image quality or beam performance is critical. 

Functionality and Operation 
Deformable mirrors consist of a reflective membrane or mirror surface mounted over an array of actuators. By precisely adjusting the positions of these actuators, the surface of the mirror can be deformed to compensate for aberrations in the incoming wavefront. This real-time correction improves optical performance by restoring a flat wavefront or implementing a desired wavefront shape. 

Modern DMs can be based on different actuation technologies, including piezoelectric, electromagnetic, or MEMS-based systems. They are typically integrated into closed-loop systems, working in conjunction with wavefront sensors and control algorithms to dynamically adapt to changing optical conditions. 

Performance Control and Calibration 
To ensure optimal performance, deformable mirrors are carefully calibrated using wavefront sensing techniques. Some systems include internal metrology tools to measure the mirror’s shape directly, allowing for open-loop operation with high precision. Calibration enables accurate control over actuator influence functions, ensuring reliable and repeatable wavefront correction. 

High-quality DMs offer fine spatial resolution, large stroke ranges, and high optical quality across a broad wavelength range—from visible to near-infrared. Their mechanical and thermal stability also contribute to consistent performance, even in demanding environments. 

Special Features of Modern Deformable Mirrors 

• Real-time wavefront correction for improved image and beam quality 
• High actuator density for precise spatial control of the mirror surface 
• Large stroke for compensation of significant aberrations 
• Optional internal metrology for open-loop operation 
• Compatibility with a wide range of wavelengths 
• Integration-ready design for use in microscopy, astronomy, and laser systems 
• Software interfaces for custom control and automated adjustment

Deformable mirrors are an enabling technology for next-generation optical systems, offering flexible, high-performance solutions for dynamic wavefront shaping and correction.